The Vision Failed Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Vision Failed - Case Study Example In HTE case, Mr. Barelli did manage to create a vision statement of 2 pages and get it pasted at every nook and corner of the building. But he failed to relate that transformational management needs a lot of input from the employees. His failure to realize the importance of the low line managers and executives and their involvement in taking his vision for the company ahead made his vision fail badly. If I were to advice as a member of board of directors, I would have voted against it. There are many reasons of this reaction. (Northhouse,2003) First and the foremost reason is that if a company's success is dependent majorly on the unity of its workers and good relations between the management and employees, you need to keep that strength with you. Secondly, if you want to change the vision and direction of your firm, you need to discuss this not only with the top line management, but the low line management and executives are also to be involved in this case. Thirdly, one must make the other stakeholders understand his point of view before taking such steps. So if I were to advice on this topic, I would have voted against Mr. Barelli's transformational leadership. Mr. Barelli though that he had a very clear image of the vision of HTE in his eyes, but this was not the case. He was sadly mistaken. May be he was clear about the goals he had in mind with regard to this organization; he was surely unaware of the best methods to implement such changes. The vision was to create a very democratic environment. The description of the case indicates the culture prevailing in HTE at that time was already quite democratic. There was not that alarming need of converting it to something new where none of the employees were able to understand the changes, and the motives behind those changes. The implementation of the transformational plan was for sure very weak. Most of the cultural and social factors were not taken care of. The vision highlighted a democratic kind of environment where Mr. Barelli rarely used to get into a dialogue. He preferred monologues, one sided orders better than that. This clash of personality and vision resulted in poor implementations and confusions creation after four years of his management. (Hesselbein and Goldsmith, 2006) Answer 3: Mr. Barelli had immense knowledge of the aircraft industry. The vision he crafted for HTE was really attractive if we look at the wordings and the way it was drafted. But the worst thing about Mr. Barelli's management was that it damaged the social fabric of this organization. The organization was known for very effective and impressive relationships between employees and the owners, but his poor implementation of the plan changed everything for him and the organization. He tried to change things. Things changed for the worst. (Beyerlein, McGee, Klien, Nemiro and Broedling, 2003). His managerial skills resulted in a damaged social fabric of an organization that had this strength of its social fabric as it's most important success factors. Answer 4: If Mr. Barelli returns as president of this firm, I would advice him to first of all make the vision clear to him. Once he understand it fully in the form of what exists and what he is looking for, the next step is to take into consideration all those who are involved and would be effected by this change. Take them in consideration, discuss it out with them, listen to their

Political Science Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Political Science - Coursework Example Thus, denying the social media its freedom to air the content that is suitable for the public. The same applies to the content a person can upload on the internet since it will be monitored by the government and hence one is limited on the type and amount of content to share. Also, crucial information regarding the government is likely to be hidden from the public leading to people living in darkness. I agree with Shirky that both SOPA and PIPA are forms of censorship. This is because the government is in verge of monitoring everything being distributed which in turns denies the social media the freedom it deserves in running its business. Besides, it is an infringement of freedom of speech to American citizens since one cannot air their thoughts freely (Shirky, 2012). The media companies would want such bills passed into law for two reasons. First, they will have the freedom to produce and share their content freely. Secondly, it is not the government that will police their material and thus they will not be directly answerable to any violation that they make. Thus, the signing of the bill will affect the companies providing a way for media houses to create, produce and share their content. On the other hand, rejection of the bill will impact directly on media houses since they will have to directly answer to any violation. Either way, someone is going to be directly affected by the bill if signed or not

Terms of a Construction Contract

Terms of a Construction Contract Construction Contract What component parts are required for the formation of a contract? There are four components which are essential for the formation of a contract. They are: Offer, Acceptance, Consideration and Intention to create legal relationship What do we mean by terms of a contract? The terms of a contract are the statements that describe the rights and obligations of each party to the agreement. Terms are all the matters agreed between the parties about what is to be done, how it will be done and under what circumstances. Exactly what those terms are must be determined by the parties to the agreement. Terms are the elements of the contract. They are binding and carry legal consequences if they are broken. They can be divided into two categories: Implied Terms Expressed Terms. An express term is stated by the parties during negotiation or written in a contractual document. Implied terms are not stated but nevertheless form a provision of the contract. Do all terms carry equal weight in law? If not what are the differing categories, and why is it important to categorise contract terms? No, not all terms carry equal weight in law. Lawyers divide contractual terms into warranties and conditions. There might be a third type, the inominate term (term without a name) Conditions are terms that go to the very root of a contract. Breach of these terms gives the right torepudiatethe contract, allowing the other party to discharge the contract. A warrantyis less imperative than a condition, so the contract will survive a breach. Breach of either a condition or a warranty will give rise todamages. Lord Diplock, inHong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd, created the concept of an innominate term, breach of which may or may not go to the root of the contract depending upon the nature of the breach. Breach of these terms, as with all terms, will give rise to damages. Whether or not it repudiates the contract depends upon whether legal benefit of the contract has been removed from the innocent party. Megaw LJ, in 1970, preferred the use of the classic categorizing into condition or warranty due tolegal certainty.This was interpreted by the House of Lords as merely restricting its application inReardon Smith Line Ltd. v Hansen-Tangen Terms can also be implied by common law(in fact), statute, by custom or trade, course of dealings What is the difference between expressed and implied terms? When are terms implied and what are the rules governing the inclusion of such terms? An express term is stated by the parties during negotiation or written in a contractual document. Implied terms are not stated but nevertheless form a provision of the contract. The purpose of implied terms is often to supplement a contractual agreement in the interest of making the deal effective for the purpose of business, to achieve fairness between the parties or to relieve hardship. Terms may be implied into contract through statutes or by the courts. When implied by statute, Parliament may well make certain terms compulsory, example: Sales of Goods Act 1979 When terms are implied by courts, the general rule is that they can be excluded by express provision in any agreement. The courts have developed an apparent distinction between terms implied in fact and those implied in law. Terms implied in fact are said to arise when they are strictly necessary to give effect to the reasonable expectations of the parties. Terms implied in law are confined to particular categories of contract, particularly employment contracts or contracts between landlords and tenants, as necessary incidents of the relationship. What is meant when reference is made to a standard form of contract†? Standard Form Contracts are agreements that employ standardized, non-negotiated provisions, usually in preprinted forms. These are sometimes referred to as â€Å"boilerplate contracts,† contracts of adhesion, or take it or leave it contracts. The terms, often portrayed in fine print, are drafted by or on behalf of one party to the transaction – the party with superior bargaining power who routinely engages in such transactions. With few exceptions, the terms are not negotiable by the consumer. Examples of standard form contracts are insurance policies (where the insurer decides what it will and will not insure) Is there an alternative to a â€Å"standard form of contract†? There is an alternative to a standard form of contract, usually standard form of contracts can be modified, terms/clauses added/amended to suit a specific projects. Another form of contract is : Bespoke Contract How many â€Å"standard form contracts† do you know about? Is there one type of standard form – or is there more than one? There is more than one type of form of contract, namely: Joint Contractors Tribunal (JCT) New Engineering Contract (NEC) La Federation Internationale D’Ingenieurs-Conseils (FIDIC) Association of Consultant Architects (ACA Form of Contract; PPC 2000) Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) GC/Works/1 Contract for building and civil engineering major works ICE 7 Conditions of Contract Measurement Version Who publishes â€Å"standard form contracts† and how do you get one? Professional Registered Bodies (ACA, ACE, BPF, CIC, FIDIC, GC/Works, ICE, ICC, IChemE, IMechE, JCT, NEC (NEC3), PPC (PPC2000), RIBA, and RICS) publishes the standard form of contracts and they are subject to copyrights. You can buy hard copy and digital copies of the various standard forms from a number of external websites and specialist bookshops: ACA PPC2000. The PPC2000 may be bought from theACAs website. ACA Standard Form of Agreement for the Appointment of an Architect. The SFA may be bought from theACAs website. The 2012 version includes Construction Act 1996 amendments. ACE Agreements 2009. The ACE Agreements 2009 may be bought from theACEs website. BPF Consultancy Agreement Version 2. The BPFs Consultancy Agreement Version 2 is available to buy from the construction contracts section of theBPF website. Building Centre bookshop. The Building Centre bookshop stocks a variety of materials for the built environment, including a number of the standard form contracts published by the ACE, FIDIC, JCT, NEC and RICS. These are available to buyonline, or by visiting the bookshop on Store Street, London WC1E 7BT. Construction books direct. TheChartered Institute of Buildings(CIOB) online bookshop sells its own forms of contract, such as the CIOB Facilities Management Contract and CPC 2103, as well as other forms of contract. CIC Consultants Contract Package. The CICs Consultants Contract Package may be bought from the publication section of theCIC website. The second edition (November 2011) includes amendments prepared by the CIC to take account of the changes to the Construction Act 1996. FIDIC forms of contract. Copies of all of the FIDIC contracts may be bought from the bookshop on theFIDIC website. The  FIDIC MDB Harmonised Edition (Pink Book)is available to download free of charge. GC/Works. The GC/Works suite of construction contracts may be bought from the Stationary Officesonline bookshop. ICC conditions of contract. The Infrastructure Conditions of Contract (ICC) may be brought from theACEs website. The amendment sheet for the payment provisions to comply with the Construction Act 1996 (as amended) is free to download from itswebsite. ICE conditions of contract. With effect from 1 August 2011, the ICE conditions of contract have been replaced by the Infrastructure Conditions of Contract (ICC). The ICE contracts have been withdrawn from sale. SeeICC conditions of contractabove. IChemE forms of engineering contract. The IChemE forms of engineering contract may be bought from the shop on theIChemE website. The amendment sheets to comply with the Construction Act 1996 (as amended) are free to download from itswebsite. However, note that these have now been incorporated into the 2013 versions of its contracts. IMechE/IET model forms of contract. The model forms of contract and their commentaries can be bought from the publishing section of theIET website. MF/4 is available to download free of charge from theIMechE website. JCT standard forms of building contract. All of the JCT standard form building contracts and related contracts may be bought from the contracts section of theJCT website. Some amendments, updates and corrections may be free to download. NEC contracts. The NEC contracts are published by Thomas Telford, and may be bought from theNEC contracts website. RIBA bookshop. In addition to the RIBA professional forms of appointment, theRIBA bookshopstocks a range of publications on architecture, design and construction, a selection of standard form contracts (including GC/Works, JCT and NEC) and the building regulations. These are available to buy online, or may be bought by visiting one of the RIBA bookshops. The amendment sheets to comply with the Construction Act 1996 (as amended) are free to download from the RIBA bookshop. RICS bookshop. The RICS forms of appointment are available to RICS members to buy from the knowledge section (practice standards and guidance) of theRICS website. Alternatively, copies of the forms of appointment may be bought from theRICS bookshop.

Foggy Night :: Creative Writing, Family Essays

Foggy Night Surrounded by a foggy white film, I tried to adjust my vision to see. Anything familiar would appease me at this point. Nonetheless, I did not see a thing. Am I dead?" I thought to myself. Can this possibly be what the afterlife is like? I began to feel very anxious. The dense mist totally consumed my body and mind. This was not what I planned for myself. My life was supposed to be filled with an array of happiness, love, wonderful sights, and the joy of watching my children grow. Where is my sanctuary? Last thing I remember was looking out of my window and seeing the serene sky. At the time, I assumed I would be joining those that I love so deeply. My assumption was dismissed by a glimmer of reflection on my life up to this point. I was born into a middle class family in the suburbs of Los Angeles, California in 2400. My father was a hard working Maintenance Efficiency Sub-nucleic worker, my mother a homemaker. At three, I started to develop an interest in news programs, c-span in particular. I was told that instead of playing with dolls, I would play with calculators. At seven, I would put on my virtual reality suit and cruise the business section of all the top companies online. My parents realized then that I had a knack for business and was career oriented. With a lot of thought and money saved up over time, they decided to send me to a private school in Japan. This school was said to be number one world wide, and their focal point was on business and financial markets. From the age of thirteen until eighteen, I was in school. I received my series seven license at fourteen, then my bachelor's degree at fifteen, an M.B.A at seventeen, and became a C.P.A. at eighteen. When I came back to California, I was fluent in five languages, Japanese, Spanish, Portuguese, and French, not to mention English. My parents then knew that their money was well spent, and found a respect for my intelligence that was abundant. Being away and buried in the books most of my adolescence, I never really had an opportunity to socialize with the other boys and girls. When returned to California, my parents made sure that under their roof, (I was still their little girl), even though they knew I was responsible and faithful by their rules.

Bei Dao’s poem “Recollection” Analysis

I will be using Bei Dao's poem â€Å"Recollection† to demonstrate how his use of imagery and writing style can give a ‘simple' poem written during a time of political turmoil in China during the 1970's can have so much more in depth meaning as well as how his poetry baffles critics. The title of the poem, ‘Recollection', suggests to readers an act of remembrance or reminiscence of something, someone, or a sequence of events that Bei Dao wants/hopes to elaborate and tell his readers about. Here, the title of the poem does not indicate a simple reminiscence, but serving a far deeper meaning and purpose as well as a grasp of experience. One is unable to analyze and understand exactly why Bei Dao uses ‘Recollection' as a title, as the title acts as a form of teasing and attraction for the reader to follow through and read the powerful words which are written down word for word; hear and visualize the imagery that is created within. As one reads through the poem word for word, Bei Dao's use of imagery is instantly caught, as the poem is based solely on the imagery of visualization and sound. Candle light / flickers on each face / leaving not a trace / the shadow's spray / strikes the white wall lightly'. Throughout these five lines in the poem, each line contains at least on word that emphasizes and gives readers an image, i. e. light, flickers, trace, spray, strikes, white. Here, the imagery of visualization Bei Dao creates for his readers leaves them pondering about in a ‘unrealistic' state of mind, where readers are able to understand that Bei Dao is using his imagination to portray a deeper message perhaps. The visual imagery here can be tied in with the title as the visual images are pleasant, which hints the recollection of a pleasant and pure beauty that which the poet himself has encountered with different people (faces) on several occasions, although these people seem not to leave a trace which hints the numerous amounts of people the poet might have encountered with to emphasize his connection with all those he has come into contact with.  Read also Critical appreciation of the poem â€Å"Old Ladies’ Home†. As ‘Recollection' was written during a time of change and revolution, along with our understanding of how Bei Dao opposed the Maoist society, the first five lines use of unrealistic/imaginative imagery along with how these five lines tie in with the title, can suggest the numerous amounts of people who felt the same way about the changing society of China. Thus, the use of the unrealistic/imaginative words creating this visual imagery is not stating that these encounters are in the poets head, but were most and very possibly true events – the people whom the poet has come into contact with are those who are true people, people who are unable to be contained and still have their own free thoughts, feelings as well as emotions; the unrealistic and imaginative part being the Chinese government that was reshaping and reforming its people in hope that all would think like a Maoist where freedom of thought, speech, etc was suppressed. Here, the poet, Bei Dao is simply arguing that suppression of thought, speech, freedom, etc†¦ are unrealistic achievements that the government is pressing for, for they will never succeed. Directly following the use of visual imagery, after the fifth line in the poem, one might notice how the imagery and tone, shifts in a very smooth, eloquent, and contained matter. the guitar hanging from the wall / begins to sound in the darkness / like the masthead light reflected in water / stealing whispers'. Like the first five lines previously discussed, the use of imagery is crucial, however instead of using just visual imagery here, Bei Dao adds in sound. The ‘guitar' mentioned in line 5 is a ‘hint' of sound, as it can also have deeper meaning; Bei Dao continues his use of words to symbolize sounds such as ‘whispers', etc. nd seems to get more serious in contrast to his pleasant tone from before. The new tactic where Bei Dao uses the addition of sound affects to his visual imagery creates a more in depth and less constrained opinion based on the people and the Maoist society; in retrospect, the peoples opinions towards the Maoist society as they seem to be speaking up for themselves after being suppressed for so long. This is caught as Bei Dao uses more powerful imagery, tying in both vision and sound i. e. ‘begins to sound in the darkness', ‘darkness' merely representing the suppression of the people, and ‘begins to sound' to emphasize that his encounter with all these people have shown him something different, as they seem to be starting to stand up for themselves by sharing opinions, which by itself is going against this ‘darkness'. Subsequently/Next, Bei Dao gets more serious about the issue as he states ‘like the masthead light reflected in water', the ‘masthead light' representing all the people in China, and the ‘reflected water' being a mere representation of purity and innocence or a ripple affect, symbolizing how all the people who are suppressed seem to realize their own rights and are slowly starting to rub off on one another as more and more people get influenced and start fighting for themselves and their own freedom and happiness. Notice, how drastic the change is from the beginning of the poem's first five lines to the poems last four lines. Although the first five lines of the poem is focused on the visual images that briefly gives its readers an understanding of what he, as a poet is trying to express in his own words, mind-set, and understanding towards society/things from his own experience; one can see how the visual images tie in with sound, creating an even more dramatic and strong emotional effect, just like his encounters with people during the time of the Chinese revolution when China was a Maoist society where people were being forced into suppression. Bei Dao's tactic and use of visual imagery ties in with sound to create and tell a story of what he had experienced, along with the millions of other Chinese, as he uses ‘Recollection' to represent not only himself who suffered, but all citizens. Here, Bei Dao uses the creativity, tone, language, trope and theme of this poem to emphasize and be a representative of all the people who were stuck in a Maoist society, as he states the peoples capacity for freedom and their uprising and realization that suppression is acknowledged, however not and will never be achieved.

Henry Viii, the Tyrant of England Essay

All throughout history, many important figures have contributed to the growth and development of the world in several aspects including the economic and political advancement of their corresponding regions. However, many of these great leaders have achieved this goal through various contrasting ideologies, as seen with the rule of Henry VIII in England during the 16th century. Henry VIII, also known as Henry Tudor, ruled between 1509 and 1547 during which he was â€Å"regarded as England’s most important monarch† (Mcenegart). While King Henry is credited to playing a vital role in the development of England, the methods by which he achieved this title can be considered questionable due to controversial actions he had taken during his rule; Henry is still criticized to this day for his dramatic reduction of the nation’s economy due to expensive warfare and expansion, and his extensive spending to ensure his place as the king (Mcenegart). I believe that King Henry is an extremely tyrannical yet effective leader in history because of his active role in the development of England and the social strife and economic conflicts he brought to the complex civilization. Biographical Information Henry Tudor existed during a crucial event in history with the secession from the Roman church, and was born in Greenwich England on June 28, 1491. As a child, Henry Tudor was a very enthusiastic student and enjoyed learning. His father, Henry VII, enrolled him to learn various languages including Latin, Spanish, French, and Italian while at the same time required him to study mathematics and music. In his leisure time, Henry Tudor enjoyed hunting numerous animals, and took part in physical competitions including wrestling and jousting in which he was regarded as being able to draw â€Å"the bow with greater strength than any man in England† (â€Å"Henry, VIII†). However, in 1502 Henry’s eldest brother died due to tuberculosis. Arthur Tudor was the rightful heir to receive the throne after his father; however Henry then became the eldest son to Henry VII and was next in succession to inheriting the throne (Mcenegart). As a result, Henry Tudor was forced by his father to marry his brother’s wife, now a widow, named Catherine of Aragon, the first of many Catherine’s he would soon marry (â€Å"Henry VIII.† Great 105). Shortly after on April 22, 1509 the ruthless yet notorious father of Henry Tudor passed away, allowing Henry Tudor, now more popularly known as Henry VIII, to receive the throne as the youngest and first uncontested Prince to ascend as the King of England (Mcenegart). Leadership Qualities Throughout the rule of the new King of England, many leadership qualities Henry possessed soon became apparent and served as a crucial example of how he was to lead the citizens of England. After the death of Henry VII, Henry Tudor claimed the throne and immediately became the next ruler, Henry VIII of England. In the early years of his rule, Henry quickly discarded his father’s trusted chief ministers, Edmond Dudley, and Richard Empson who he had executed for treason in 1510. Henry then primarily focused on foreign affairs in which he supported Spain but acquired a detested view of the French, and soon conjugated with Spain in their efforts to invade France in 1512 by distributing troops to help support the war effort; this in return lead to the victory of the Battle of the Spurs in 1513 and the acquirement of the cities Tournai and Thà ©orouanne. The War of the Holy League then concluded with the marriage between Henry’s sister Mary Tudor to Louis XII of France, comp leting the treaty between the two regions. Following this marriage, â€Å"Henry received the papally bestowed title, ‘Defender of the Faith’ as a reward for writing the Assertion of the Seven Sacraments, a criticism of Lutheran doctrine† (â€Å"Henry, VIII†). In the later years of King Henry VIII’s rule, he began to focus less on foreign affairs and gradually increased his interest in the English Reformation. In 1530 after several negotiations, Henry realized that the secession from the Roman Catholic Church would be the only way to achieve what he desired politically and socially. As a result, he created an independent church that would â€Å"declare his marriage to the guiltless Catherine null and void†, seeing that she could not produce the desired male heir that king Henry so desperately required, and one that would end his marriage without question to his authority (â€Å"Henry VIII† Great 106). Throughout his rule, King Henry found himself married to several wives including one marriage to Anne Boleyn who gave birth to Princess Elizabeth, the future Queen of England, but was still unable to give birth to the desired male heir that would take the throne following King Henry VIII’s rule. After the birth of Elizabeth, Anne Boleyn became â€Å"a shrew of a wife† and was accused of adultery and witchcraft, by Henry himself, and was executed later that year (â€Å"Henry VIII† Great 106). Following the death of Anne, Henry was soon married to Jane Seymour, who for the very first time was able to create a son that would serve as the male heir for the throne; however, Henry’s wife quickly passed away due to natural causes during childbirth. As was expected of the King, Henry accused his following three wives, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr, of adultery in which only Catherine Parr was spared (â€Å"Henry VIII, King† 442). During the complicated marriages of Henry VIII, he was also very focused on the English Reformation in which he decided to educate his son in Protestant beliefs so the future King of England would carry on his legacy. During the 1540’s however, Henry became very weak and unhealthy; as a result he wrote a will that stated if Edward was to die without any male heirs, the crown would descend to Mary and then onto Elizabeth (â€Å"Henry VIII† The Renaissance 350). Soon after the will was written, the honored yet feared King Henry passed away on January 28, 1547 (â€Å"Henry VIII, King† 443). Connection to Literature The tyrant Henry VIII is characterized as an incredibly smart individual who is manipulative in his efforts to achieve his desired goals and often caused chaos and complications where conflict may have been easily avoided. The King of England is easily comparable to Curley’s wife from the book Of Mice and Men, in the aspect that both shared very similar personalities. In this book, Curley’s wife often desired to be around other men that appreciated her and would unintentionally cause conflicts between the numerous farmhands. Early on in the book, Lennie begins to develop an interest in Curley’s wife noticing how pretty she was when they first met. Near the end of the book, Lennie and Curley’s wife are alone talking to each other while all the other men are gambling on a game of horseshoes; during this discussion, Curley’s wife mentions how soft her hair is, and as Lennie starts to feel it, she begins to become nervous and pull away. Lennie however does not let go of her hair and accidentally snaps the fragile neck of Curley’s wife. Henry VIII of England and Curley’s wife are similar in numerous ways. Both had created pandemonium among the civilians around them through poor decision making and conflicts they had created. While Curley’s wife associated herself with other farmhands causing tension between the workers; King Henry VIII had also associated himself with the wrong women in whom he decided to have killed through accusation of adultery or witchcraft. The several wives of the king were unable to produce a male heir he so desperately desired so as a result, he caused unnecessary tension by killing them in a similar way Curley’s wife was killed, through decapitation. Both Curley’s wife and Henry VIII played a vital role in the lives of others and without them, the events succeeding them would be drastically changed. Conclusion Without the existence of Henry VIII of England, the outcome of the War of the Holy League and the connection between church and state in England would still be very contrasting to this day; on the other hand, Henry’s rule was very costly towards the nation’s finances and several critical horrifying decisions he had taken while King confirmed his existence as a more tyrannical leader in history. While he did create a separate Protestant church in England and helped form valuable connections between France and Spain, several hundred men and women were accused of treason and put to death at the mercy of his word. Alongside these men and women, several of Henry’s personal friends and family members were also put to death including his father’s trusted advisors and many wives just because they were unable to give him what he wanted. Henry’s life had an astronomical impact on a very complex civilization during his time period; however many of the actions he had taken were to nourish his extensive and controlling lifestyle in which he was willing to do anything to achieve his goals (â€Å"Henry VIII† Renaissance 351).

Answers to Questions About Possessives

Answers to Questions About Possessives Answers to Questions About Possessives Answers to Questions About Possessives By Mark Nichol Here are three queries from DailyWritingTips.com readers about pesky apostrophes, followed by my responses. 1. Please tell me the proper placement of an apostrophe when making possessive a singular abbreviation that ends in an s. In other words, for â€Å"Office of Financial Services,† should it be written OFS’s or OFS’, or something different? Either form is correct, depending on which style you use. Associated Press style, for example, which prevails in newspaper journalism and other less formal contexts, requires the possessive form for the spelled-out name as shown here: â€Å"The Office of Financial Services’ report has been delayed,† so the abbreviated form is â€Å"The OFS’ report has been delayed.† However, The Chicago Manual of Style, which prevails in book publishing and other more formal contexts, and similar style guides recommend, for example, â€Å"The Office of Financial Services’s report has been delayed.† The abbreviated form is â€Å"The OFS’s report has been delayed.† I recommend this style. (Note that an s follows the apostrophe even when a word or an abbreviation ends in s, such as in â€Å"Thomas’s report has been delayed.†) 2. I edit corporate documents that use this rule: The first time a government name appears in the document, spell out the name for example, National Institutes of Health and follow it in parentheses with its acronym (NIH). But when the name’s first appearance in the document is in the possessive form, do I use the possessive form in the parentheses? For example, should it read, â€Å"The National Institutes of Health’s (NIH’s) new mandate is clear† or â€Å"The National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) new mandate is clear†? The Chicago Manual of Style does not cover this issue, but its website recommends what I suggest to resolve the related issue in this post: Recast the sentence to avoid the possessive form (â€Å"The new mandate of the National Institutes of Health is clear†). 3. The title of a brochure I’m designing is â€Å"Wholesale Buyer’s Guide.† Is the possessive apostrophe needed on Buyer’s, or is it just â€Å"Wholesale Buyers Guide†? Or, perhaps, â€Å"Wholesale Buyers’ Guide†? â€Å"Buyers Guide,† â€Å"Buyer’s Guide,† and â€Å"Buyers’ Guide† are all common, and they all have some merit, though I favor the latter. In â€Å"Buyers Guide,† Buyers is an attributive noun one that serves as an adjective (just like school in â€Å"school bus† or window in â€Å"window seat†). It means, essentially, â€Å"guide of the buyers,† which I don’t think sufficiently expresses that idea that it’s something offered for someone’s use. â€Å"Buyer’s Guide† suggests that it’s for one person technically correct, but the guide was created for all buyers, not just one, so I think â€Å"Buyers’ Guide† is the best option. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who†Yay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other Acclamations10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

How To Improve Your Educational Content Marketing

How To Improve Your Educational Content Marketing For several years, I was an art teacher and a substitute teacher (K-12). Most of what I remember from my teaching days all those years ago are things like keeping the senior guys in my â€Å"easy A† art class (as it turns out, it wasn’t an easy A) from sticking the wooden rulers in the heating unit fan and how using certain epoxies with the seventh graders was always a huge mistake. But being a teacher is a tremendous life skill, if you ever get a chance to experience it. You lose the fear of speaking in front of groups, you learn to be organized and methodical, and you learn how to talk about something in a way that helps others understand it. You also become aware of the different approaches to educational theory- and that’s what we’re going to take a look at. Your educational content marketing, after all, is strongly about teaching people. Knowing a bit about educational theories will improve your content marketing. Let’s take a look at the different ways people learn, and how you can tap into that. How To Improve Your Educational Content Marketing Like A Successful Teacher via @JulieNeidlinger1. Constructivism: Using Our Experiences In constructivism, we use our own experiences to understand what’s going on around us. Those experiences have taught us what is right and wrong, what works and what doesn’t. We form rules and models on which we base future decisions or behavior. With constructivism, every experience is an act of learning. Every experience has meaning. What this means is that there is no particular standard that you can hold a group of people to, because a standard simply cannot encompass the broad experiences and interpretations of those experiences. Constructivism can be challenging if your audience is large and varied, because not all will have had the same experiences, and not all will have interpreted those experiences the same way. A tight niche audience, narrowly focused, will learn the same way more regularly. However, you can tap into constructivism if you can illustrate an experience you had, and interpret the meaning you extracted from it. In this way, you create both a shared experience and understanding of that experience with your reader. Create a shared experience and understanding with your audience. #contentmarketingThis is the classic anecdote approach, telling a story at the start of your content, but with a twist: You also have to provide the meaning of the story according to how you want your audience to understand it. Otherwise, they’ll search for a similar experience they’ve had, attach their own meaning, and you’ve lost them. Apply it to your educational content marketing: Brainstorm how you can create unique and memorable new experiences for your audience with your educational content marketing. Think about using different content types, finding new angles for your stories, and becoming a thought-leader who covers new, oft-ignored topics in your niche. Help your audience understand an experience you had to create a shared understanding. Think about turning those experiences into how-to posts,  and what works/what doesn't stories with big takeaways. 2. Behaviorism: Focusing On Behavior In behaviorism, the sole focus is on the observation and teaching of behavior. For teachers adhering to behaviorism, they are most concerned that their students acquire the preferred behavior. Pavlov, for example, and his dogs. Behaviorism generally uses rewards to produce the preferred behavior, though threats can do the same (albeit with a lower level of actual learning, which we’ll discuss next). In content marketing, the â€Å"threat† of scarcity, for example, can really get people to act. Here's what Pavlov can teach you about educational #contentmarketing.In some sense, you tap into behaviorism with your copy and especially with your call to action (CTA). You’re not too terribly interested if your readers deeply consider the philosophy of â€Å"Buy now!†- you mainly just want to incite the behavior of buying, right now. A focus on teaching a particular behavior is more subtle, and less overt. This isn’t a how-to approach to content marketing, but is more about writing copy that elicits particular behavior. This means getting people to behave based on conditioning. For example: â€Å"Give us your email and we will give you a free download!† 's Resource Library is an example of behaviorism applied to educational content marketing. That is a classic case of rewarding your reader for performing a particular behavior. If the reward is good enough, they’ll trust your future rewards to be worthy of the behavior you ask them to do in order to get them. This sounds a little crass, admittedly. Your readers aren’t dogs that will eat at the ring of a bell. But all of us are influenced by the reward feedback system, whether we care to admit it or not. Your reward might be: Free download Limited/exclusive access Ad-free/pop-up free access No waiting in a queue Discount pricing The trick is to use a stimulus before handing out a reward. Otherwise, you train readers to think that they can get great freebies from you, and the moment you decide to start asking for an email address or payment, they will be shocked. And with good reason: You didn’t enforce that behavior up until that moment. Apply it to your educational content marketing: Use content marketing to incite the behavior you'd like your audience to take. Like Pavlov, you can do this through a rewards system by giving your audience something valuable in exchange for their action. Apply the threat of scarcity to your educational content marketing. This works particularly well when you set up the classic challenge and solution scenario in your content, pinning  something like time or money as the motivator to change a behavior. 3. Brain-Based: Your Brain Wants To Work We all have a brain. Yes, even that driver you encountered this morning on the ride to the office. A brain-based approach to learning accepts that our brains want to work. They want to process information, because that is what they are for. A brain-based learning approach accepts that: We have spatial and rote memory, and they work in different ways. (I covered that here.) Our brain creates patterns, both for learning and also to provide understanding. Emotions are key in creating these patterns. (I covered that here.) Learning uses your whole body and all the senses. Learning happens best when we are challenged, not threatened (though â€Å"threatening† can spur on behavior, which relates to behaviorism.) Our brain works to understand the whole and the part, and can perform several functions at once (though be wary of thinking this is about multitasking, which will hurt your content marketing.) So, understanding all of these things about how our brain is working, a brain-based approach to learning makes the experience immersive. You are looking to add context to your content, in other words, whether through audio, visual, or text. You use examples from multiple angles to illustrate a point. You provide peripheral material to support your content. If the brain wants to work, you’re happy to give it something to do. It’s like thinking of the brain as a pincushion, with all of the different pins at an angle trying to find that place in each individual where the brain grabs on and really gets it. Apply it to your educational content marketing: Brain-based content includes audio, visual, and text-based content to help your audience immerse into your story with many different senses. Include many different examples to illustrate your points to help people learn. Provide immediate, short-, and long-term takeaways. 4. Motivation: We Do What We Want The motivational approach is in contrast to the behavioral approach. Instead of thinking that you can get people to do things through the proper rewards-based training, you instead accept that people are really going to do what they are motivated to do. What are your readers already motivated to do? My guess is you have some that are motivated to: Save money Same time Earn money Build a reputation Become better known Get more traffic/followers Become more knowledgeable Connect with others Gain respect of influencers If you know what motivates your readers (and I’m pretty sure you do- you can get a pretty good idea just reading the comments you hear back from them), then you can funnel that motivation into the behavior that you want from them. Educational marketing that connects into motivations is emotional, which makes it powerful.An important part of understanding motivational learning is that you, the content marketer, must show how what you have to say applies. Remember, motivational learning is not coercion; it is not rewarding behavior, waving a carrot in front of your reader. It relies, instead, on the motivations they already have in them. You have to show them how what you have to say or sell is in tune with that motivation. For example: â€Å"Save money now!† is OK. It certainly is of interest to those who want to save money. But†¦ â€Å"Tired of living paycheck to paycheck? Here’s your way out.† is a bit more specific, and taps into a more specific (and deeper) motivation. Plus, it adds an emotional element to it- you’re not only addressing the desire to get ahead financially, but you’re also addressing a fear (â€Å"What if I don’t have enough money at the end of the month!?†). Connecting emotionally with your audience breaks down barriers and gets to the heart of what really motivates them better than they even realize. They think they just want to save money, but you know it’s deeper than that. If true motivational learning is what you're after (and I’m going to suggest that it isn’t in just a moment), you’ll be doing away with all of your rewards. Your content will be good enough that you can simply ask readers to do the Big Buy-in without dabbling in email addresses and other reward-based training behavior. Most of us, though, aren’t going for pure motivational-based content. We also like to include behavioral training. Rather than go either/or with behavior and motivation, think of using both. Can you get the right behavior if you tap even just a little bit into a motivation they already have? Can you reward that right behavior and combine reward with motivation for an even stronger conversion? Yes, you can. Apply it to your educational content marketing: Research your audience's needs, whether it's a more formal survey or as colloquial as blog post comments. Then connect those needs into what you truly want to say and the action you want your readers to take. Publish content that resonates emotionally with your audience. How can you really strike a chord that will keep them engaged with your content, products, and brand? 5. Social Cognition: We Do What Others Do Social cognition learning theory asserts that we learn based on what everyone around us, and our culture, is doing. In this system, people learn by watching others and seeing how they solved problems, or how they behaved. Hierarchy plays into this, with people who are seen as being in authority or more esteemed as having their behavior carry a greater weight as far as meaning or learning potential (which explains the sorry state of influence of reality television from which many have learned from). Apply  social cognition to your #contentmarketing to help your audience learn how others solve...Social cognition also taps into constructivism a bit, the first theory we talked about, in that how we interpret experiences is also heavily influenced by our culture. In North Dakota, for example, if you have spent an evening with a group of friends, and one of them says â€Å"Well, I s’pose†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that means â€Å"I suppose it’s time I started for home.† If someone says it, they want the party to be over. From another culture, however, that experience would have a different (if any) meaning. Now, you can’t really do much to control your audience’s culture, because they are likely spread across many cultures. You can measure it analytically, somewhat, as far as tracking where they are from, what demographic they are in, and so on. But beyond that, your control over their larger culture is pretty limited. Here’s what you can do, however. You can create a micro-culture in your followers. Think of this as your tribe, the people who spend time on your website and social accounts. You can create a culture there with your own traditions, regular features, jargon, expectations, ethos- you get the idea. You can use social proof to indicate a culture preference. Social proof, as I’ve talked about before, is extremely powerful. It reassures your audience that others have trusted you, your content, your product- surely they can, too. You’ve seen this at work, where one dissenter in your comment section is sometimes convinced to change his mind because of other commenters. Call it peer pressure, call it social proof, the key is that those sheer numbers of people doing one thing (commenting! liking! sharing!) indicate a cultural preference within that micro-culture of your brand’s realm. If 10,000 people have downloaded your ebook, make that part of the CTA. Show the cultural trend. When we’re part of a group, we tend to pick up the thinking cues of the group and adopt them as our own. Sometimes this is not a great thing (such as in brainstorming with your team), but with your readers, it saves you a tremendous amount of work. If you can get the snowball rolling in the right direction, the social cues and nudges will make those who come along to learn later join in much faster than those at the start. It’s the difference of blogging that first week to a year later. As your audience grows, they start to do some of the work for you. How Do You Approach Educational Content Marketing? Some of this sounds a little creepy- â€Å"elicit proper behavior!†- but you really shouldn’t see  it  that way. Learning is more than simply memorizing facts, but covers such a broad range of activity. At the most basic, you’re etching an understanding in someone’s brain, an understanding of information, behavior, and experience. As a content marketer, you want your readers to learn the right information, but you also want them to learn they can trust you and that they can go to you to make a purchase and not regret it.

Word Choice Eventually vs. Ultimately - Proofread My Paper

Word Choice Eventually vs. Ultimately - Proofread My Paper Word Choice: Eventually vs. Ultimately â€Å"Eventually† and â€Å"ultimately† have plenty in common. Both are ten letters long. Both have â€Å"-ly† at the end. And, crucially, both refer to something that happens (or is expected to happen) after a certain period of time. It’s this final overlap which causes most confusion, with some people using â€Å"eventually† and â€Å"ultimately† interchangeably. However, there is an important difference, so you won’t want to mix up these words in your written work. Eventually (Some Time Later) We’ll begin with â€Å"eventually,† which generally means â€Å"some time later† or â€Å"finally,† especially after a prolonged delay: The queue was long, but we reached the front eventually. If you queue for too long, petrification can set in. It can also be used more generally to indicate an unspecified amount of time, even where no specific delay occurs: I’m new to ballet, but I’m hoping to eventually turn professional! In both cases, â€Å"eventually† emphasizes the passage of time, either in relation to something that has happened or that is expected to happen. Ultimately (In the End) â€Å"Ultimately† can mean â€Å"finally† or â€Å"in the end,† too, but specifically refers to the finishing point in a process or series of events: Although it seemed benign to begin with, the virus ultimately spread to other countries. A second meaning of â€Å"ultimately† is to indicate something as a fundamental or basic fact: Ultimately, tiddlywinks is a game of thrills and spills. Tiddle that wink! [Image: Hannes Grobe]Even in this second use of â€Å"ultimately,† there is a strong sense of finality, as it suggests something is beyond dispute or conclusive. Eventually or Ultimately? When used to mean â€Å"finally,† there are situations in which â€Å"eventually† and â€Å"ultimately† can be used interchangeably. However, even then, each word emphasizes something different. If we say something happened â€Å"eventually,† it’s usually the passage of time we are stressing. Hence â€Å"eventually† is normally used when describing something that happens after a delay. If we say something happened â€Å"ultimately,† on the other hand, the emphasis is on finality, so this term is best saved for referring to something that happens at the end of a process. For example, the ultimate fate of all sausages. When â€Å"ultimately† is used to mean â€Å"fundamentally,† moreover, it’s even more important to use the correct term, since â€Å"eventually† wouldn’t make sense in this context.

The Issue of Women in the Workplace outside the Home Research Paper

The Issue of Women in the Workplace outside the Home - Research Paper Example Let us consider other factors that lead to women to work outside. Women today are more intelligent and independent. They strongly believe that given the chance, they can equal the jobs of the male gender working behind office desks. Higher wages also draws women to work. With the help of household tools that are being used like the washing machines, the microwave oven and other tools in the house that make everyday household works easier, women have more time to spare in doing other jobs. There is also this rising aspiration for them to have our own material goods. For most women, owning material things that are hard earned is an accomplishment. Sharing family expenses with the man of the house is also an achievement. The economic and institutional advantage is clearly seen. In this changing world, women have proven they can surpass the ability of the male gender, that the intelligence of men and women are now of equal footing. However, let us not forget that there are workplaces tha t are designed for the male gender in as much as there are workplaces that are dominated by the female force. Looking at a more specific job field, as in the field of engineering and management, the male dominates the female population. In hospitals, and in some clerical offices, the women population is more than twice of the male population. The statistics show that 52.7% of families shows that both husbands and wives are working. As Dr Jeffry H. Larson has cited, In the final analysis, thirty years of research show that for the benefit of men, women, and their children, marriage is superior to cohabitation.  

Philosophy of Filmanalysis of filmTouch of Evil (Orson Welles, 1958) Movie Review

Philosophy of Filmanalysis of filmTouch of Evil (Orson Welles, 1958) - Movie Review Example For example, there are obvious film noir characteristics, most notably in the visualization of shots. Long shadows, angled lighting on characters, dingy settings, the suggestions of secrecy through mise-en-scene all testify to the film noir spirit. Moreover, the pivotal plot element of a murder (through bomb detonation) is consistent with the genre. While the cinematography is novel in this fashion, the core themes of the story are ancient and universal. Some critics have even identified Shakespearean themes in the film. â€Å"European cinephiles, who were quick to enshrine Welles in a pantheon of auteurs, easily incorporated the Shakespeare films into the Wellesian cinema, recognizing in them themes and dramatic emphases present as well the destructive consequence of power, even when employed in a just cause; the inevitability of betrayal; the loss of paradise—all of these films are, in their own way, Shakespearean texts, if in no other sense than in the way they impose a large, poetic intensity on questions of family and domesticity and thus wed the social with the personal.† (Anderegg, 1999, p. 70) In relation to Shakespearean texts, one can see shades of Othello and Hamlet in the personages of Quinlan and Vargas. While envy was the undoing of Othello, misplaced pride and egoism were the root of Quinlan’s suffering. It is not an exaggeration to claim that the main focus of the film is personal anguish, which, of course, is illustrated through the framework of a crime thriller. Despite the heavy boozing and smoking, a murky past and question marks over professional integrity, Captain Quinlan can still be interpreted as a hero, for he inevitably got the culprits convicted. His methods and means of achieving them are dubious, but the results were fair and just, even by his own evaluation. The famous ‘intuitions’ of Quinlan may not arise from systematic or scientific analysis, but they nearly always happen to be right. Even the framing of Sanchez

Personal and professional values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal and professional values - Essay Example Coincidences bring a young man, at his early twenties young brother to a hospital where his sister works as a nurse. The young man arrives with two bullet wounds, one to his chest and another to his lower abdomen region. His sister’s personal and professional values are put in the test as she is trying to decide between self-restrain, and totally showing how she really feels. The reasonable action to be expected from the nurse is a total breakdown and emotional display since it is her brother who has been shot. Contrary to this, the nurse exhibits the value of self-control and acts in a manner that suggests she is aware of the personal and professional values. A second value that manifests its self from this situation is human dignity. Dignity signifies that any being has the right to be valued and receive ethical treatment. A young man, who is in extreme pain, has the right to be handled with care to ensure the pain is eased and he is comfortable, and the sister does just tha t. Having prior knowledge of the personal and professional values, the sister nurse was aware of what decisions to save the life of his young brother. Self-restrain enabled her to put her emotions aside and concentrate in trying to make her brother feel better. Self-control enabled her to hold back her grief and fear of losing her brother and concentrate on the vital issue of nursing him back to a stable nature. Human dignity allowed her to respond in an appropriate manner to a brother who was in a difficult situation. Instead ofshading tears at the sight of him, she made the decision to help him first because his suffering was more important than just her sensitive display that would not help anyone. The two values were really paramount in swaying towards the right decisions (Dolgoff et al., 2009). The described event required a showcase of the highest order of personal values. The fact that the

Kudler Fine Foods Paper and Presentaion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Kudler Fine Foods Paper and Presentaion - Essay Example And choosing the proper one for the business is depending on the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat, of the choice that possesses in the available and the unavailable resources. The paper has worked on to address the issues regarding the choice of expansion being a private company and a projection of SWOT of the proposed expansion plans. The overall concept of any expansion plan is to raise fund that is needed to expand the company internally or externally. This is so, because the fund is the life line of any venture at the runway. The very first option that the company has projected is the floating of Initial Public Offer to raise fund from the public. This option of Initial Public Offering (IPO), also known as "public offering", is the concept of issuing common stock or shares to the public for the first time. This concept is pretty handy for smaller, younger companies seeking capital to expand. In an IPO, the Kudler may obtain the assistance of an underwriting firm, which helps it determine what type of security to issue; that is common or preferred, best offering price and time to bring it to market. Weakness: The cost of complying with regulatory requirements can be very high. Some of the additional costs include the generation of financial reporting documents, audit fees, investor relation departments and accounting oversight committees are unwanted by the public (INVESTOPEDIA, 2008). Threat: The actions of Kudler’s management will become increasingly scrutinised as investors constantly look for rising bottom line. This may lead Kudler to perform questionable practices in order to boost earnings. After this brief insight of the IPO based expansion; the second expansion plan is the Acquisition. It is also known as a takeover or is the buying of one company by another (Spaeder, 2004). Here, the companies cooperate in negotiations of purchasing of a smaller firm by a larger one. There is another form of acquisition, known as

COMPUTER CRIME Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

COMPUTER CRIME - Coursework Example The latest statistics from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI (2014) indicates that the complaints received in 2012 were 289,874 amounting to losses of $525,441,110, this representing 8.3% increase in losses reported to the agency in a span of one year. The trend is similar to what has been recorded from 2008. In spite of the adjustments by the FBI in tackling current wave of crimes, the threat continues to present most dynamic transformations, making them increasingly sophisticated, dangerous and common. The widespread interconnectivity leveraging on the Internet is to blame for this trend. The Internet provides a shared and integrated platform that fosters anonymity and inability to be traced thus propagating computer crimes (Stephenson & Gilbert, 2013). Furthermore, there is a rapid increase in computer knowledge in the modern world which propagates formulation of complex attacks. There is an increasing list of the types of computer crimes. Among the common types are hacking, phishing and virus distribution. Hacking refers to the beating of computer system security capabilities so as to gain illegal access to information stored therein. This also includes the hacking of IP addresses so as to transact under a false identity, hence anonymity in carrying out crime. Secondly, phishing entails the acquisition of sensitive information such as passwords, usernames and credit card details in the disguise of a trustworthy source. It could be executed through emails or luring users to key in personal information in criminal websites. Criminals would often use websites having familiar looks so as to gain the users’ confidence. Finally, the crime of computer viruses involves use of computer programs with the capability of self replication that harms computer systems in a network. This occurs without the user’s knowledge and spreads from a computer to anothe r through

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LinkedIn Profile building for a vacancy - Essay Example My experience in being a team leader has taught me the importance of understanding one’s audience when setting goals, tasks and understanding the needs of the client. I also possess excellent communication skills that are vital in virtual business communications that are key to business success. I also possess excellent drawing and design abilities, and have a long range of experience in developing prototypes. Working with teams have also equipped me with the necessary team contribution and team leadership experience that allows me to develop functional working units within all departments I head. My management style involves the selection of partners who not only match one’s ambition, but also his or her abilities allowing him or her to interact with the team members at the same pace. I hold a Bachelor’s Degree in Design from (x and y) University. I have been working with various design organizations for over 15 years. I am excellent with designing any prototype, despite how unrealistic it might conventionally seem. I also possess excellent research and analytical skills that could come in handy when dealing with large statistics. I have a yearning for growth and enjoy nurturing projects and organizations. Having worked with an international organization, I also possess the vital global strategy skills required in expanding the contemporary

COMPUTER CRIME Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

COMPUTER CRIME - Coursework Example The latest statistics from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI (2014) indicates that the complaints received in 2012 were 289,874 amounting to losses of $525,441,110, this representing 8.3% increase in losses reported to the agency in a span of one year. The trend is similar to what has been recorded from 2008. In spite of the adjustments by the FBI in tackling current wave of crimes, the threat continues to present most dynamic transformations, making them increasingly sophisticated, dangerous and common. The widespread interconnectivity leveraging on the Internet is to blame for this trend. The Internet provides a shared and integrated platform that fosters anonymity and inability to be traced thus propagating computer crimes (Stephenson & Gilbert, 2013). Furthermore, there is a rapid increase in computer knowledge in the modern world which propagates formulation of complex attacks. There is an increasing list of the types of computer crimes. Among the common types are hacking, phishing and virus distribution. Hacking refers to the beating of computer system security capabilities so as to gain illegal access to information stored therein. This also includes the hacking of IP addresses so as to transact under a false identity, hence anonymity in carrying out crime. Secondly, phishing entails the acquisition of sensitive information such as passwords, usernames and credit card details in the disguise of a trustworthy source. It could be executed through emails or luring users to key in personal information in criminal websites. Criminals would often use websites having familiar looks so as to gain the users’ confidence. Finally, the crime of computer viruses involves use of computer programs with the capability of self replication that harms computer systems in a network. This occurs without the user’s knowledge and spreads from a computer to anothe r through

Economics of Renewable Resources Essay Example for Free

Economics of Renewable Resources Essay Answer any THREE questions. Do not attempt to answer more than three questions. The three questions that you answer will be given equal weight. 1.(a)  Consider now a newly planted stand of trees. What decision rule should be employed for determining the â€Å"optimal† investment in the trees – the optimal rotation – given that the stand of trees is being managed on a Single Rotation basis? Explain. (b) Now suppose that the stand was, instead, to be managed on a Multiple Rotation basis, rather than a Single Rotation basis. What impact would managing the stand on a Multiple Rotation, as opposed to a Single Rotation, basis have upon the optimal rotation period? Would it be correct to say that the opportunity to use the forest land over and over again for growing trees, under Multiple Rotation, would lead to the rotation period being longer than it would be under a Single Rotation basis? Explain fully. (c) It has been argued that forest policies in most Canadian provinces have as their long term goal fully regulated normal forests. Explain, with the aid of a simple example, what is meant by the term normal forest, as opposed to a single stand of trees. What relevance, if any, does the idea of a normal forest have to the concept of Maximum Sustained Yield as applied to forestry? Explain. 2.  The economics of renewable natural resources has, in all of its sub-branches, a common theoretical core. The core consists of the closely linked theory of capital and the theory of investment.  You have studied the economics of fishery management and foresty management. In what sense, if any, can fishery resources and forestry resources he regarded a capital assets from the point of view of society? With the aid of examples, discuss the opportunities, which society has to â€Å"invest† both positively and negatively, in such resources. What basic rules do the theories of capital and investment suggest that society should follow in making such investment decisions? In light of these rules, define what would an economist understand by the term â€Å"overexploitation† of a specific renewable resource. Under what circumstances would you expect â€Å"overexploitation† given set of renewable resources to be of a chronic problem? Explain. 3. (a)  The static economic model of the fishery studied by you, the Gordon-Schaefer model, predicts that optimal economic management of a fishery resource would always lead to the fishery resource being stabilized above the MSY level. The dynamic, capital theoretic, economic model, also studied by you, gives us no such assurance. On the contrary, the dynamic economic model predicts that optimal economic management of the fishery could easily lead to the fishery resource being stabilized below the MSY level. How can such an apparent contradiction be explained? Discuss. 1 (b) The static Gordon-Schaefer economic model of the fishery also predicts that,  under Pure Open Access, while there will be overexploitation of the fishery resource there will be no danger of the fishery resource being driven to extinction. Yet there are several examples from the real world of fishery resources being driven to at least near extinction. Recall the examples of Norwegian Spring Spawing Herring and the Bering Sea Donought Hole pollock resource. How can you explain the difference between the Gordon-Schaefer model prediction and what we observe in the real world? Discuss fully. 4.  Under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, coastal states, such as Canada, have been given the right to establish 370km Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). Due to the mobility of most capture fishery resources, most coastal states establishing EEZs find that some of the fishery resources in their EEZs cross the EEZ boundary into neighbouring EEZs, or into the adjacent high seas. The coastal states are thus faced with a â€Å"shared† fish stock management problem. Consider now two coastal states, A and B, that share a transboundary fish stock, which does not extend into the adjacent high seas. On what grounds can it be argued that, if A and B refuse to cooperate in managing the transboundary fish stock, both A and B will be driven to adopt fishery exploitation strategies that they will know to be harmful? Suppose that A and B agree to cooperate in the management of the transboundary fish stock. A and B are identical in every respect, except that A has a lower social rate of discount than does B. Could this difference in social rates of discount lead to A and B differing in terms of their management goals for the transboundary fish stock? If so, how? If A and B do have difference resource management goals, does the economic theory of shared fish stock management studied by you suggest that it will be impossible for A and B to establish a successful cooperative fisheries management arrangement? Explain. 5.  Limited Entry Type I fisheries management programs, involving limited entry  to the fishery combined with Olympics style TACs, have more often than not produced disappointing results. This has led to the adoption of Limited Entry Type II programs in which TACs and limited entry to the fishery are combined with harvesting rights schemes, the most common of which in Canada consists of ITQs. Discuss the nature of ITQ schemes, such as those found in B.C., and in so doing explain why economists prefer ITQ schemes in which the individual quotas are: (i) long term (in fact, if not in law); (ii) expressed as percentages of the TAC, as well as being transferable. Would it be correct to say that ITQ schemes are feasible only in single species fisheries, or can they be used in multiple species fisheries as well? Explain. Everyone agrees that there are some fisheries, particularly in developing fishing states, where it is not feasible to implement ITQ schemes. Do alternative harvesting rights schemes exist that might be used in such fisheries? If so, describe briefly one such alternative harvesting rights scheme.

Operations Of Rolls Royce Motor Cars

Operations Of Rolls Royce Motor Cars The main purpose of this report was to apply information systems and operations to the Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited. This report defines the companys operation, offers an input-transformation-output diagram of the operations system. Then it discusses the supply network and the flows in terms of physical and informational. And it identifies the major categories of ICT, E-business and information systems used and the influences on the operations. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited is a system to gain resources from the environment to produce high-quality of motor cars to customers. For the sake of describing the primary, secondary, and tertiary divisions of the operation system, the systems method is applied to show every sub-system of the entire system. 1.0 Introduction In business world, the focus is on how people do business rather than on what people make, so companies pay more attention on operations where most organizations incur the majority of the costs. Nowadays, consumers require higher quality, quicker deliveries and lower costs, operations is adding cross-functional decision making and better deal with information system (Anupindi et al., 2005). In essence, operations management means the generation of consumer value via the efficiently and effectively managing the operation processes (Voss, Tsikriktsis Frohlich, 2002). With added internationalization and competition and in markets, operations management are reducing product and service life cycles, shifting emphasis on consumer concerns, competing for time (Hayes, 2002). As a British manufacturer of luxury automobiles on the base of the Good wood Plant, Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited is the present producer of Rolls-Royce branded automobiles. Having been a motoring icon for more than 10 0 years, Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited aims at continuing to set the pace into the next century. The main purpose of this report is to apply information systems and operations to the Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited. This report will adopt a narrow view of operations, define the companys operation. And offer an annotated input-transformation-output diagram of the operations system presenting the primary, secondary and tertiary inputs and outputs. Following this, it will discuss the supply network of which it is part, and describe the components that comprise this supply network and the flows in terms of physical and informational between the components. Finally, it will identify the major categories of ICT, E-business and information systems used and look at the influences on the operations and supply network in Rolls-Royce Ltd. 2.0 Operations system 2.1 Operations in Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited Operations management means the business function conscientious about planning, organizing, and controlling the resources required to generate an organizations services and products (Slack, Chambers Johnson, 2004). Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited is a system to gain resources from its environment including materials and staff, to produce high-quality of motor cars to customers all around the world. The operation system is highly standardized, low contact skills, high staff utilization, centralization and low unit costs. The operations function includes all actions associated with generating and delivering motor cars. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited is typical goods producing operations. The percent of the product that is good, namely, motor cars. All micro and macro and operations in Rolls-Royce Ltd are based on its customers and suppliers. The needed components of the whole system are to fulfill the companys mission. The company aims to produces goods with excellent durability and quality, with well function, style, and design. Rolls-Royce Ltd is emphasized on the relations of its suppliers and its consumers for the sake of operating effectively and offering high-quality to the motor cars. 2.2 A holistic view of Rolls-Royce Ltd system The diagram below describes the components through which the entire system of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited contains. The interior process through which the company participates separately could be seen in figure 1. The primary division is conscientious about generating and delivering raw materials for the company, where the secondary division applies the raw materials for the sake of manufacturing or improving the goods of the Rolls-Royce Ltd. With regard to the tertiary division, the services are offered through the organization for the sake of satisfying the requirements of its consumers such as distributing and retailing of the motor cars. For the sake of describing the primary, secondary, and tertiary divisions of the operation system, the systems method is applied to show every sub-system of the entire system. 2.3 Input-transformation-output diagram The input-transformation-output connects the environment to the management control system (Bertrand Fransoo, 2002). For the sake of designing good management control systems, it is necessary to comprehend where in the environment to look the appropriate inputs, the form of transformation perform, and what output to generate (Johnston, 2005). Comprehending the input-transformation-output process assists Rolls-Royce Ltd to determine the certain design parameters of management control system. In accordance with what is shown about every division, the input-transformation-output diagram is produced for the sake of describing the primary, secondary, and tertiary inputs and outputs (figure 2). The input-transformation-output diagram shows what kind of operations management Rolls-Royce Ltd proceeds for the sake of gaining its goals. The company gains inputs from its environment, transforms them into outputs, and delivers the outputs back into the environment. Rolls-Royce Ltd makes a limited product line of motor cars using input-transformation-output process. The company applies lots of manufacturing process having various categories of control systems than applying lean manufacturing ways. The process is visualized for the motor cars to be accomplished and is available to consumers. The input-transformation-output diagram describes what inputs are needed in the whole operation system for the sake of obtaining the prescriptive outputs. The outputs are motor cars, services, and even outcomes of product operations management. 2.3.1 The primary division The primary division of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited is the suppliers, as the organization does not generate the raw materials on its own. The company needs the raw materials from the manufacturers and suppliers to stick to several certain ways and standards for the sake of cooperate with them. The organization generates some measures to estimate the environmental influence of the cars, and assists its suppliers through comprehending the environmental influence of the goods they offer. Rolls-Royce Ltd applies reusing and reusable sources for the sake of generating more motor cars while older cars get the terminal of the lifecycle. The company proposes to the suppliers to recycle the wasteful materials to produce other goods, so as to prevent from the waste which is generated in the manufacturing process. The agents of Rolls-Royce Ltd are conscientious about buying materials, negotiating the prices to the suppliers, test the quality of goods offered and locating orders. The inputs i nclude sheet steel, engine parts, information on raw materials, manufacturing guidelines, procedures, and personnel polices. 2.3.2 Secondary division The secondary part is related to the manufacturing. At the transformation process phase, the materials from the suppliers are applied so as to produce the motor cars. The manufacturers are needed to apply strict standards for the sake of generating high quality cars. Rolls-Royce Ltd forms some relationships so as to obtain support to the actions. One of the companys objectives is to be friendly with the environment, and the company offers high quality cars as it is conscientious about the environment about and people. The transformation process needs equipment, tools, fabrication and assembly of cars, and employees follow instructions. 2.3.3 Tertiary division The tertiary division is responsible for satisfying the consumers requirements. Rolls-Royce Ltd has made available motor cars online to some countries. Rolls-Royce Ltd tries its best to reduce cost in the actions in the operations so as to reach the company goal. The company finds that it is difficult for the consumers to make decisions on empty stomach, so it has offered store restaurants. Although the company does the majority of the operations to the cars to get to the consumers, the consumers can choose, collect, and assembly the cars to reduce the total cost. As consumers choose and buy the motor cars on their own, the company has tried its best to strengthen the performance and aesthetic of the cars. The output in most of the company operations is a mixture of products and services, mainly in high-quality motor cars. 3.0 Supply network 3.1 Supply network of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited Form a wider viewpoint of the operations system, it means the design, operation and development of the interior and exterior systems and resources across the entire company and the supply network generating and delivering the companys services and goods and the value required through consumers (Waller, 2003). The supply network in the company consists of the common statement of businesses where a variety of materials are transformed and moved between different value-added points to maximize the value added for consumers. Because the components forming the supply network have been identified above, the supply network of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited emphasizes on the upstream and downstream of the supply network (figure 2). 3.1.1 Upstream of the supply network The upstream of the supply network in Rolls-Royce Ltd starts while a consumer subscribes online, by phone or in person. The consumers subscription goes to the closest distribution centre and the car of the subscription is collected and distributed immediately to the consumer. Through the comparison between the downstream and upstream, it is differentiated that the retailer that is portion of the supply network does not play any role from the categories of transactions. 3.1.2 Downstream of the supply network One of the agents obligations is to order forms, so while an agent orders a form to the suppliers they setout the materials needed in the company, and they are transported to the secondary division. From the distribution centers, the motor cars are transferred to the retailers in accordance with the place of the store in country, therefore the consumers are able to visit the nearest store to purchase goods. 3.2 Physical and informational flows Relationships and information flows include personal relations across the company and lots of firms in the supply network, relationships between companies such as structures and systems required, and the information flows in terms of informal and formal essential to the different relationships to appropriately function (Roth Menor, 2003). 3.2.1 Physical flows Physical flows move when the informational flows deal with controlling and management of the operation process in Rolls-Royce Ltd. The informational flows in the physical processing could be developed online. Via a determined delivery deadline, the time for physical flows is predetermined in the company. The application of information systems helps to develop planning of the physical flows and the informational flow is important for the company to keep competitive. 3.2.2 Informational flows Information flow (formal and informal) is transmission of information from one place to another in Rolls-Royce Ltd. The company tries its best to manage information flows to improve value chain performance. Figure 4 shows the information flows in supply network of Rolls-Royce Ltd. 4.0 ICT, E-business and information systems 4.1 ICT ICT plays an important role in processing of data into information, in the interaction between sub-systems of a system and between systems in Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited. Information communications technologies (ICT) includes E-mail, Web-based ordering, EDI of invoices and payment, and Web-based order tracking. In managing business processes of Rolls-Royce Ltd, ICT acts as sensor, feedback, comparator and actuator. ICT is in favor of determining forecasts to expect environmental disturbances and the trade-offs in buffers to accommodate environmental disturbances in the company. ICT is in favor of all facets of management such as decisions, functions, and levels. At every level, ICT processes data into information for business staff at the level, and ICT transmits the information as data for the following level up in the firm. The perception of boundary has results for the functions included in a specific information system. Having shown role of ICT in fundamental control loop functions, it is also in support of the goal setting process in Rolls-Royce Ltd. 4.2 E-business As a trend in operations and supply chain management, E-business develops pace, quality and cost of commerce communication. E-business covers all mediated information interchanges between a company and its exterior stakeholders (Chase, Jacobs Aquilano, 2006). Rolls-Royce Ltd uses operations information systems in day-to-day actions like transaction processing, process control, and communications. Rolls-Royce Ltd benefits a lot from the E-business. The customers of the Rolls-Royce Ltd can gain information about cars they needed by touching a button. The company can provide better availability of service to permit consumers to shop online, better timeliness of service to provide 24-hour service for purchasing products, and reduced cost in information processing. Through E-business, the operating costs of operations are less expensive, cheaper than brick-and-mortar, and initial cost of operations is cheaper. The company offers better access to consumer markets going everywhere in the world, and improves scheduling as the online capability permits the company more precise and seasonable in scheduling production activities. The firm is more easily study the quality of materials and components in the operation process. In addition, Rolls-Royce Ltd is better buying prices from suppliers, as the company obtains more pricing information and outcomes in lowering costs. Rolls-Royce Ltd enhances car development, as the capability online a ssists to decrease the time-to-market and the cost for new cars. 4.3 Information systems Information systems is applied to support the functional fields of business, is a group of relevant components working jointly to implement input, processing, output, and control activities for the sake of shifting data into information products applied to support operations (Rust Chase, 1999). The application of these systems is much cheaper compared with other systems. This system consists of process control systems, office automation systems, and transaction processing systems, which are major information system in the company. Management information systems are applied to offer feedback on the company actions and sustaining decision making. The system contains information reporting systems, executive information systems, and decision support systems in Rolls-Royce Ltd. Rolls-Royce Ltd can immensely enhance the performance through applying these information systems, and the information interchange between the firm and the suppliers is much faster. These information system influences the value chain in Rolls-Royce Ltd, such as identifying the methods IS may generate competitive advantage, creating a plan for taking advantage of IS, determining the role, and assessing the information intensity of the value chain. In addition, the company makes full use of interprise resource planning (ERP) systems with comprehensive functions for all main business operations across Rolls-Royce Ltd like production, finance, sales, and human resource management. Whats more, Rolls-Royce Ltd takes advantage of computer-based information system for the sake of generating management information, which is high-speed, reliable, accurate and programmable. 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion, Rolls-Royce Ltd can generate competitive advantage through information systems and operations. The input-transformation-output diagram is produced for the sake of describing the primary, secondary, and tertiary inputs and outputs. The supply network of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited emphasizes on the upstream and downstream of the supply network, and information flows in terms of informal and formal essential to the different relationships to appropriately function. ICT plays an important role in processing of data into information, in the interaction between sub-systems of a system and between systems in the company, and Rolls-Royce Ltd benefits a lot from the E-business and information systems. 6.0 Appendices Figure 1 Operations system in Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited Figure 2 Input-transformation-output diagram of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited Figure 3 Supply network Figure 4 Information flows in supply network

Gifted and Talented Program Admissions: Needed Improvements and Reforms

Gifted and Talented Program Admissions: Needed Improvements and Reforms Gifted and talented programs are intrinsically valuable to many children’s education as they provide a system in which all students involved are engaged, challenged, and intellectually stimulated. In "How People Learn", Donovan, Bransford, and Pellegrino (1999) stress the importance of each student being given reasonable and appropriate goals based on his or her level of understanding and competency (p. 20). Gifted and talented programs help institutionalize the attempt to meet all student’s needs by providing uniquely appropriate challenges which aim to keep every student engaged, thus receiving the best chance at success. Although there are many valuable and important aspects of gifted education, there are also significant issues rooted in the base of America’s gifted and talented programs, one of which I will address throughout this paper. In my opinion, the most notable problem which troubles gifted and talented programs is the system by which students are se lected to join their school’s gifted and talented program. The problem associated with how students are chosen to join a gifted and talented program stems from the way that we define giftedness. Because there are countless ways in which any individual can define talent, the government created a federal task force in 1972 to study gifted education in order to standardize the way in which schools choose students for and implement their gifted and talented programs. The task force’s results are known as the Marland Report and include much information as a result of their research, including a decision that a public school’s gifted and talented programs should aim to serve between 3 and 5 percent o... ... for the Gifted. New York: Teachers College Press. Borland, James H. (2003). Rethinking Gifted Education. New York: Teachers College Press. Donovan, Bransford, & Pellegrino (1999). How People Learn. National Academic Press. Eby, Judy W., & Smutny, Joan F. (1990). A Thoughtful Overview of Gifted Education. New York: Longman. Fulkerson, Jan & Horvich, Michael (1998). Talent Development: Two Perspectives. Phi Delta Kappan, 79(10), 756. Johnsen, Susan K. (2003). Issues in the Assessment of Talent Development. In James H. Borland (Ed.). Rethinking Gifted Education (pp. 201-214). New York: Teachers College Press. Meier, Deborah (1995). The Power of Their Ideas. Boston: Beacon Press. Shore, Bruce M., Cornell, Dewey G., Robinson, Amy, & Ward, Virgil S. (1991). Recommended Practices in Gifted Education. New York: Teachers College Press.

Free Affirmative Action Essays - Affirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination :: affirmative action argumentative persuasive

Affirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination "That student was accepted because of affirmative action policies." With my first intake of the phrase, I realized that the student, whom I knew and worked with so many times, the one with such a lack of motivational ability, confidence, and ideas, was now occupying my chances towards a preferred school. "Affirmative action", I soon found out, was used by President John F. Kennedy over 30 years ago to imply equality and equal access to all, disregarding race, creed, color, or national origin. As a policy setting out to resolve the problems of discrimination, Affirmative Action is simply nothing more than a quota of reverse discrimination. Affirmative Action emphasizes prospective opportunity more towards statistical measures. It promotes the hiring and acceptance of less experienced jobs of the workforce and less able students. Sometimes the affirmative action policies forces employers and schools to choose the best workers and less privileged students of the minority, in all, regardless of their potential lack basic skills. As remarked by Maarten de Wit, an author who's article I found on the World Wide Web, affirmative action beneficiaries are "not the best pick, but only the best pick from a limited group." Another article I found, "Affirmative action: A Counter- Productive Policy" by Ernest Pasour also on the W.W.W., is one example which reveals that Duke, a very famous and prestigious university, adopted a resolution requiring each of it's department to hire at least one new African-American for a faculty position the 1993 date. More proofs of Affirmative Action in action is the admission practices at the University of California Berkeley. In the same article by Pasour, it states that while whites or Asian-Americans need at least a 3.7 grade point average through high school to be in consideration for admission in Berkeley, most minorities with much lower standards are automatically admitted. All the preferential treatment may provide a basis for employers, employees, as well as real applicable students to fight for an end to Affirmative Action. The development of more racial tensions are yet another part of the Affirmative Action policy. Tensions between blacks and whites and other racial groups at U.S. colleges are related to preferential treatment. Tensions at the workplace also deal with the toleration of race and sex

Economic Development and Environmental Protection

This paper argues on both theoretical and empirical grounds that, beyond a certain point, there is an unavoidable conflictbetween economic development (generally taken to mean ‘materialeconomic growth') and environmental protection. Think for a moment of natural forests, grasslands, marine estuaries, salt marshes, and coral reefs; and of arable soils, aquifers, mineraldeposits, petroleum, and coal. These are all forms of ‘natural capital' that represent highly-ordered self-producing ecosystemsor rich accumulations of energy/matter with high use potential (low entropy). Now contemplate despoiled landscapes, eroding farmlands, depleted fisheries, anthropogenic greenhouse gases,acid rain, poisonous mine tailings and toxic synthetic compounds. These all represent disordered systems or degraded forms of energy and matter with little use potential (high entropy). The main thing connecting these two states is human economic activity. Ecological economics interprets the environment-economyrelationship in terms of the second law of thermodynamics. The second law sees economic activity as a dissipative process. Fromthis perspective, the production of economic goods andservices invariably requires the consumption of available energy and matter. To grow and develop, the economynecessarily ‘feeds' on sources of high-quality energy/matter first produced by nature. This tends to disorder and homogenizethe ecosphere, The ascendance of humankind has consistently been accompanied by an accelerating rate of ecological degradation, particularly biodiversity loss, the simplificationof natural systems and pollution. In short, contemporary political rhetoric to the contrary, the prevailing growth-oriented global development paradigm is fundamentally incompatible with long-term ecological and social sustainability. Unsustainability is not a technical nor economic problem as usually conceived, but rather a state of systemic incompatibilitybetween a economy that is a fully-contained, growing, dependent sub-system of a non-growing ecosphere. Potential solutions fly inthe face of contemporary development trends and cultural values Ecological disturbance and nature tourism. THE purpose of this article is to consider the role of disturbance as a crucial ecological consideration in landuse planning for nature tourism. Incorporation of ecological insights into the environmental-planning process offers hope for rational and sustainable development. Nature tourism has been proposed in recent years as a solution to the dilemma that developing countries face in conserving their biological heritage and concurrently improving the economies of local human settlements. In Mexico, nature tourism has become a favored mechanism for development, especially on the Yucatan peninsula. Recognizing the immense value of its coastal natural communities, Mexico has recently established several large biosphere reserves to preserve natural resources and to accommodate and support human settlements. The experience of sprawling, high-impact Cancun, with more than one million visitors annually, has encouraged the government to reassess its development goals. One example of Mexican openness to sustainable conservation-development projects is the innovative, cooperative effort of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras to establish Ruta Maya, a low-impact design to promote tourism based on natural and archaeological treasures (Garrett 1989). In the Yucatan, two long, relatively pristine barrier peninsulas, Rio Lagartos and Celestun, are being identified as opportune sites for nature tourism. Both have high conservation value and were designated special biosphere reserves by the government in 1979 because of their floral and faunal diversity. Both have small human settlements based on fishing and salt extraction. The protection concept known as the Mexican modality, in which local villages can coexist with both conservation and tourism, is an ambitious development plan. Through trial and error, it is becoming clear that development must be guided by ecological understanding if degradation of natural systems is to be avoided. Sites worth visiting are often those that cannot endure heavy human use, and if irreversible environmental degradation results from nature tourism, both conservation of biological diversity and sustainable tourism will fail. Although political and economic considerations usually far overshadow ecological concerns, conservation of natural resources will not succeed if ecological insights are ignored in planning for nature tourism. To retain the integrity of ecosystems, ecologists must convey the most useful information about the dynamic physical and biological contexts of natural communities, including information about the effects of human change on natural disturbance regimes. Important shifts in ecological theory in the past several decades could change perspectives on planning decisions. Fundamental models of community organization throughout the history of ecological thought were rooted in the idea of equilibrium, and most principles applied to managing natural areas have been based on the notion of stability. Many recent empirical studies offer evidence that the natural world is not static, that natural disturbances are common to many environments, and that most landscapes are not in equilibrium, at least for the short term. Planners and developers of tourist facilities, along coastlines, for example, have mistakenly assumed that the physical context for hotels and roads was a stable place. RECENT ECOLOGICAL THOUGHT From its beginnings, ecology has been the study of nature as a stable, orderly system. Natural communities that were undisturbed by people were generally thought of as pristine and immutable, composed of interdependent and harmoniously arranged species assemblages (Botkin 1990). This idea was based on a long tradition in Western culture that envisioned nature as orderly and was embodied in the phrase â€Å"balance of nature† (Glacken 1967). Largely through the writings of Frederick E. Clements (1916) early in the twentieth century, the notion of natural communities as naturally occurring assemblages of species in harmony with local climatic regimes became ecological dogma. If a community was disturbed, damage would be repaired along a predictable continuum toward the climax community. Later, equilibrium became an explicit assumption for most ecosystems, a steady state to which a system returned if a disturbance altered its balance (Connell 1978). Dissenting voices proposed that species act independently of one another and that perturbation is a common event in many natural communities (Gleason 1917; Watt 1947). Strong evidence for the commonness of disorder in nature has come from a large body of literature documenting the profound and pervasive effects of a multitude of disturbances–fires, floods, windstorms, alluvial erosion, landslides, grazing, insects, and invasion of exotics (Veblen and Ashton 1978; Bormann and Likens 1979; Sprugel and Bormann 1981). It is now believed that all ecosystems are somewhat dynamic and that, in some, severe or even catastrophic disturbance is a regular occurrence. Natural disturbances were once assumed to retard the orderly progression of species replacement †¦ THE PROBLEM: Sulfur dioxide is a major source of air pollution world wide, and a major contributor to the problem of acid rain. SOME SOLUTIONS: 1) The technology exists to produce cleaner burning coal, but this process is very expensive. ) Inorganic sulfur can be removed from coal by washing it, but this will not remove organic sulfur, and the process is also very expensive. 3) Coal gasification converts goal to a gas in order to remove the sulfur. The gas produced from the sulfur can then be used to augment supplies of natural gas. This process is not yet competitive enough. 4) Scrubbing removed the oxides from the gases in the smoke stakes, but is also an expensive producer. Looking at these solutions, it would be easy to conclude that th ere is no win win solution when it comes to sulfur emissions from coal. However, in Germany they did find a solution that is win-win. AN INNOVATIVE SOLUTION: â€Å"A German company in 1980 purchased coal-scrubbing technology and improved on it†¦ rather than disposing of the calcium sulfite rich sludge the company further processes it to produce building materials such as sheet rock or wallboard, which are sold worldwide. Another innovative approach to removing sulfur has been taken at a large coal burning plant near Mannheim, Germany. The smoke from combustion is cooled, then treated with liquid ammonia.. he sulfur-contaminated smoke is cooled in a heat exchange process that allows the chemical reaction between the sulfur rich smoke and ammonia to take place†¦ waste heat from the cooling towers is used to heat nearby buildings, and the plant sells the ammonium sulfate in a solid granular form to farmers to use as fertilizer. Thus, Germany, in response to tough pollution control regulations, has substantially reduced its sulfur dioxide emission s, and in the process it has boosted its economy. â€Å". Increasing recognition that the overall goals of environmental conservation and economic development are not conflicting but can be mutually reinforcing, has prompted calls for ‘environmentally sustainable’ economic development. Although there are difficulties in defining sustainable development in an analytically rigorous way, there is still a need to evolve a concept of sustainability that both distinguishes it from other post-war meanings of development and is useful for practical analysis and policymaking.